Affiliate marketing gets dramatically easier (and more profitable) when you treat it like a repeatable system: buy or earn traffic, send it through a focused funnel, track every step, then optimize based on what the data proves. affiliate tools remove guesswork by giving you essentials like geo-targeting, auto-optimization, A/B testing, heatmaps, and real-time reporting.
This roundup organizes core affiliate marketing resources by category and explains how each one accelerates traffic acquisition, increases conversion rates, and simplifies ongoing optimization. You’ll see representative platforms in each category—ad networks like ExoClick, Zeropark, and TrafficStars for scalable traffic; trackers like Voluum, ThriveTracker, AdsBridge, and CPV Lab Pro for attribution and funnel optimization; landing tools like Wix, Leadpages, and Pagewiz to publish high-converting pages quickly; WordPress resources like ThemeForest, Elegant Themes, and Lasso to build and monetize content sites; CDNs like StackPath and KeyCDN for speed; plus Ahrefs, SEMrush, SimilarWeb, and AdPlexity for SEO and competitive intelligence.
Quick map: what each tool category does for your affiliate funnel
Think of your affiliate funnel as a chain. Each category below strengthens a different link—traffic, relevance, speed, persuasion, measurement, and iteration.
| Category | Primary role | What it improves | Features that matter most |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ad networks | Paid traffic at scale | Reach and volume | Geo-targeting, device targeting, placements, auto-optimization |
| Campaign trackers | Attribution and decision-making | ROI accuracy and optimization speed | Redirects, postbacks, rules, bot filtering, funnel reporting |
| Analytics and heatmaps | On-page behavior insight | Conversion rate and UX clarity | Heatmaps, session recordings, event tracking, visual editors |
| Landing page builders | Fast page creation and testing | Lead rate and offer alignment | Templates, mobile responsiveness, A/B tests, form builders |
| WordPress themes and plugins | Content sites and link monetization | SEO, trust, click-through rate | Theme performance, schema readiness, affiliate link management |
| CDNs | Faster delivery worldwide | Speed and user experience | Edge caching, instant purge, routing, global POPs |
| Social schedulers | Consistent content distribution | Traffic diversification and efficiency | Scheduling, analytics, reporting, content libraries |
| Design suites | Creatives and ad assets | CTR and brand consistency | Templates, collaboration, resizing, asset libraries |
| SEO tools | Organic growth planning | Search traffic and topical authority | Keyword research, backlinks, site audits, content gaps |
| Spy and competitive intel | What’s working in the market | Faster testing and smarter positioning | Ad creatives, placements, spend signals, geo insights |
| Forums and blogs | Learning, troubleshooting, trends | Skill-building and avoidance of costly mistakes | Case studies, community feedback, playbooks |
Ad networks: scalable traffic with targeting and automation
Ad networks can be the fastest path to volume because you can turn traffic on immediately, segment it by audience context, and scale what performs. For affiliates, the winning formula is usually: tight targeting+clear tracking+aggressive iteration.
ExoClick
ExoClick is widely known for its ability to serve geo-targeted campaigns and support high-volume advertising. A major benefit for performance marketers is the focus on tools that help automate improvement over time, which can reduce manual campaign babysitting as you scale.
- Best for: Affiliates who want to test multiple geos and placements quickly.
- How it helps conversions: Better relevance through targeting means fewer wasted clicks and cleaner data for optimization.
- Optimization angle: Lean into automated optimization features once you’ve gathered enough conversion data to guide decisions.
Zeropark
Zeropark is frequently used by affiliates for push, pop, and redirect-style traffic with strong global coverage. The practical advantage is the combination of targeting options with auto-optimization capabilities that can help you scale winners faster once you find a working offer-to-landing match.
- Best for: Testing offers across multiple countries, devices, and traffic types.
- How it helps conversions: Better segmentation lets you tailor landing pages and presell angles to specific audiences.
- Optimization angle: Use automation to ramp spend on profitable segments while cutting poor placements early.
TrafficStars
TrafficStars is a self-serve network known for large-scale reach, global delivery, and robust campaign controls. For affiliates who want to optimize at the placement and audience level, features like granular reporting and A/B testing capabilities can make it easier to turn raw traffic into predictable ROI.
- Best for: Buyers who want detailed controls and reporting across desktop and mobile.
- How it helps conversions: Better visibility into what’s actually driving results enables smarter spend allocation.
- Optimization angle: Combine network-level A/B testing with tracker-level funnel reporting to validate wins.
How to choose an ad network without wasting budget
- Start with the offer’s strongest geo: If an offer converts best in a specific country, begin there so early data is meaningful.
- Match the traffic type to funnel intent: Direct-to-offer flows behave differently than prelanders; pick a traffic type that fits your message.
- Prioritize networks with transparent reporting: Better reporting makes optimization faster, and speed is a major advantage in paid traffic.
- Plan for tracking on day one: The more you spend, the more expensive “untracked learning” becomes.
Campaign tracking platforms: attribution, funnel clarity, and faster optimization
If you only invest in one category beyond traffic sources, make it tracking. A campaign tracker is where you answer the questions that unlock profit: Which ad, keyword, placement, device, and geo created the conversion? and Which step in the funnel leaks the most revenue?.
Modern trackers do more than count clicks. The best ones help you:
- Unify stats across multiple traffic sources and offers.
- See funnel drop-off by step (ad → prelander → landing page → offer).
- Run rules to pause losers and boost winners automatically.
- Spot suspicious traffic and reduce wasted spend.
- Optimize by geo, device, browser, carrier, placement, and more.
Voluum
Voluum is a widely recognized cloud-based tracker used by affiliates and performance marketers to connect attribution with actionable optimization. The key benefit is being able to manage campaigns with clear analytics while using built-in optimization tools to make improvements quickly.
- Best for: Teams and solo buyers who want a cloud workflow and fast insights.
- How it helps conversions: You can identify the exact segments that convert and route more traffic there.
- Optimization angle: Use rule-based actions to scale profitable paths and reduce wasted clicks.
ThriveTracker
ThriveTracker is built for performance marketers who want hands-on campaign control and easier funnel management. Features like funnel support and scaling utilities are especially useful when you’re testing multiple angles and need a simple way to compare outcomes without losing track of your setup.
- Best for: Media buyers running multiple funnels, landing pages, and offers simultaneously.
- How it helps conversions: Faster split-testing and clearer funnel structure reduce time-to-winner.
- Optimization angle: Treat each landing page variation as a measurable hypothesis, not a design preference.
AdsBridge
AdsBridge supports tracking, analysis, and optimization with a practical onboarding path that can help affiliates get running quickly. The main benefit is managing campaign performance data and acting on it without building a complicated in-house analytics stack.
- Best for: Affiliates who want an approachable all-in-one tracking workflow.
- How it helps conversions: Cleaner attribution leads to better decisions around landing pages, offers, and targeting.
- Optimization angle: Monitor performance by segment, then adjust bids, routing, or landing pages accordingly.
CPV Lab Pro
CPV Lab Pro is a long-running tracking solution with capabilities aimed at deep funnel insight and multi-level reporting. For affiliates who like detailed visibility and control, its emphasis on in-depth statistics and reporting helps you isolate exactly what’s driving ROI.
- Best for: Buyers who want robust reporting depth and multi-step funnel clarity.
- How it helps conversions: You can see which page or step is underperforming and fix the bottleneck instead of guessing.
- Optimization angle: Use funnel reports to prioritize the one change most likely to increase total conversions.
Practical tracking setup that makes optimization easier
A high-leverage tracking workflow doesn’t need to be complex. It needs to be consistent. Here’s a simple structure many affiliates use:
- Name everything: Campaign names should include traffic source, geo, offer, and landing page version.
- Track from the first click: Capture the click ID and pass it through the funnel for clean attribution.
- Segment early: Break out by device and geo first; those often show the biggest performance differences.
- Optimize with a rule: Define what “bad” looks like (for example, spend threshold with no conversions), then cut it fast.
- Keep a changelog: When you change creatives, landers, or targeting, record it so you can correlate cause and effect.
Analytics and behavior tools: heatmaps, recordings, and conversion clues
Click and conversion data tells you what happened. Behavior analytics helps explain why it happened. When you can watch how real users interact with your pages, you unlock quick conversion wins: clearer CTAs, better layout hierarchy, fewer distractions, and fewer confusing form fields.
Hotjar
Hotjar is well known for heatmaps and behavior tools that reveal how users interact with pages. For affiliates, the biggest payoff is diagnosing friction: if visitors don’t scroll, don’t notice the CTA, or rage-click non-clickable elements, you can fix those issues and lift conversion rates without buying more traffic.
- Best for: Landing page and prelander optimization.
- How it helps conversions: Turns vague UX guesses into visible, fixable problems.
- Optimization angle: Pair heatmap insights with A/B tests to validate improvements.
Freshworks (conversion and behavior tooling)
Freshworks includes tools often used for understanding visitor behavior and making iterative on-page improvements. For affiliates focused on performance, the core benefit is improving pages with data-backed decisions, especially when combined with testing workflows.
- Best for: Teams that want practical insights and iterative page improvements.
- How it helps conversions: Helps identify what users engage with and what they ignore.
- Optimization angle: Use behavior learnings to simplify page structure and highlight the primary action.
How to use heatmaps in a way that actually increases revenue
- Run heatmaps per segment: Desktop and mobile visitors behave differently; analyze separately.
- Check “attention vs. action”: If users look at content but don’t click, your CTA may be unclear or poorly placed.
- Reduce decision points: The best affiliate pages often have one obvious next step.
- Validate changes with A/B testing: Heatmaps inspire hypotheses; split tests confirm what works.
Landing page builders: faster testing, higher CVR, and cleaner funnels
Landing pages are the conversion engine of many affiliate funnels. The advantage of modern builders is speed: you can launch pages quickly, swap messaging fast, and run structured A/B tests without waiting on a full dev cycle.
Wix
Wix is a widely used website builder with templates and an accessible editor. For affiliates, its main value is getting a professional-looking page live quickly, especially for rapid testing across multiple offers or angles.
- Best for: Quick launch pages, simple funnels, and fast iteration.
- How it helps conversions: Better design clarity can boost trust and reduce bounce.
- Optimization angle: Create multiple page variants and test them by geo or device.
Leadpages
Leadpages focuses heavily on conversion-oriented pages and funnels. For affiliates, the standout advantage is building mobile-responsive pages designed around action, then improving them with insights and testing.
- Best for: Lead generation funnels and conversion-focused landing pages.
- How it helps conversions: Strong templates and structured funnels reduce friction for first-time visitors.
- Optimization angle: Run A/B tests on headlines, CTAs, form length, and trust elements.
Pagewiz
Pagewiz is positioned as a landing page platform with drag-and-drop control and tools like form building. For affiliates who care about precise page layouts and quick adjustments, the benefit is being able to publish and refine pages without heavy technical overhead.
- Best for: Affiliates who want hands-on layout control and fast publishing.
- How it helps conversions: Better on-page clarity and form optimization can raise sign-up rates.
- Optimization angle: Test layout hierarchy (CTA position, social proof placement, image choice) with disciplined A/B tests.
Landing page best practices that pair well with paid traffic
- Match the ad promise: Your headline should repeat (or clearly fulfill) the ad’s main claim to reduce bounce.
- Design for one action: A single primary CTA usually outperforms pages with competing buttons.
- Speed matters: Faster pages tend to reduce abandonment and improve funnel completion.
- Build “testable” sections: Keep testimonials, FAQs, and CTA blocks modular so you can swap and test quickly.
WordPress themes and plugins: content sites, CRO, and link monetization
WordPress is a long-term affiliate advantage because it supports content-driven growth, SEO compounding, and flexible monetization. The right theme improves speed and structure; the right plugins help you manage affiliate links, build product displays, and maintain site health at scale.
ThemeForest
ThemeForest is known for offering a large catalog of themes and templates. For affiliates, the benefit is breadth: you can find designs for different niches and site types (blogs, magazines, landing pages), which helps you launch faster and keep branding consistent across properties.
- Best for: Quickly finding a niche-appropriate look and layout.
- How it helps conversions: Cleaner navigation and modern design can improve trust and click-through to offers.
- Optimization angle: Choose themes optimized for speed and mobile usability to support SEO and paid traffic alike.
Elegant Themes (Divi)
Elegant Themes (notably with the Divi builder) is popular for building highly customizable WordPress pages without heavy coding. For affiliates, this can translate into faster iterations: you can create new pages, adjust layouts, and test variations while keeping the site consistent.
- Best for: Marketers who want design flexibility and rapid page creation inside WordPress.
- How it helps conversions: Better page structure and visual hierarchy can guide users toward key clicks.
- Optimization angle: Create reusable sections (hero, benefits, CTA) to deploy consistent tests across multiple pages.
Lasso
Lasso is an affiliate-focused WordPress plugin designed to manage links and build product displays. For affiliates who rely on content sites, link hygiene and presentation can directly impact earnings: fewer broken links, clearer calls-to-action, and better product presentation often improve click-through rate and revenue per visitor.
- Best for: Content affiliates managing lots of links and monetized pages.
- How it helps conversions: Better link displays and easier link management can boost clicks to merchant pages.
- Optimization angle: Audit top pages periodically and improve link placement above the fold.
WordPress workflow tip: build a “money page” template
Instead of reinventing the wheel, many affiliates create one reusable layout for monetized content pages:
- Above the fold: Clear value proposition + CTA.
- Mid-page: Benefit bullets, comparison table, trust points.
- Lower: FAQs, supporting details, second CTA.
This structure makes optimization easier because you can change one section at a time and measure impact cleanly.
CDNs: speed that supports SEO, paid traffic performance, and user experience
Page speed isn’t just technical polish; it’s a conversion lever. When your pages load faster, users are more likely to stick around long enough to read, click, and complete the action. CDNs help by caching and serving content from locations closer to the user, reducing latency and improving reliability.
StackPath
StackPath offers CDN services designed to deliver content quickly across regions. For affiliate marketers, the key benefit is improving page load speed for global visitors, which can help keep paid traffic from bouncing before the page even renders.
- Best for: Affiliates running international campaigns or serving media-heavy pages.
- How it helps conversions: Faster page loads typically reduce drop-off and improve funnel completion.
- Optimization angle: Use caching and purge controls thoughtfully when updating landing page tests.
KeyCDN
KeyCDN is a high-performance CDN option known for global delivery features designed to reduce latency. For affiliates, it can be a straightforward way to support better user experience in multiple geos without migrating to a complex infrastructure.
- Best for: Speed-focused affiliates who want efficient global delivery.
- How it helps conversions: Lower latency can improve engagement, especially on mobile connections.
- Optimization angle: Measure speed changes before and after CDN setup to quantify the ROI.
Social media scheduling tools: consistent distribution without the time sink
Social can be a valuable layer in an affiliate traffic mix—especially for building repeatable distribution, promoting content assets, and supporting brand trust. Scheduling tools help you stay consistent, analyze what resonates, and reclaim time for higher-leverage optimization work.
Buffer
Buffer is a widely used scheduling and publishing tool that supports multiple social platforms. The big win for affiliates is consistency: you can queue content in batches, maintain an always-on presence, and review performance metrics to double down on what drives clicks.
- Best for: Solo creators and small teams that want a simple workflow.
- How it helps conversions: Consistent posts keep your content and offers in circulation, increasing total touchpoints.
- Optimization angle: Repurpose winners (best posts) into new formats and test timing.
Hootsuite
Hootsuite is a social media management platform designed for publishing, monitoring, and reporting. For affiliates, the value is control at scale: you can manage multiple profiles, track what’s trending, and build reporting routines that keep social from becoming chaotic.
- Best for: Teams and operators managing multiple channels and campaigns.
- How it helps conversions: Better engagement workflows and reporting support more effective content distribution.
- Optimization angle: Use reporting to identify which content topics correlate with higher downstream conversions.
Later
Later is known for scheduling and planning, especially for visual-first platforms. For affiliates building brand presence, it supports a cleaner content calendar and helps maintain quality while scaling output.
- Best for: Visual content workflows and planned publishing.
- How it helps conversions: Better consistency and presentation can increase profile visits and link clicks over time.
- Optimization angle: Build themed content series and measure which themes produce the most traffic.
Design suites: higher CTR with better creative, faster
In many affiliate campaigns, creative is the difference between “expensive traffic” and “profitable traffic.” Better visuals can lift CTR, which often improves overall funnel economics. The best part: you don’t need to be a professional designer to produce clean, effective assets with modern tools.
Canva
Canva is a popular, accessible design platform for social posts, banners, and marketing visuals. For affiliates, the advantage is speed: create multiple creative variations quickly so you can test messaging and imagery rather than relying on a single ad concept.
- Best for: Fast creative testing and consistent branding across channels.
- How it helps conversions: More creative variants means more chances to find a high-CTR winner.
- Optimization angle: Build a small library of templates so each new campaign starts faster.
Figma
Figma is widely used for collaborative design and interface work. For affiliates working with partners (media buyers, designers, developers), the major benefit is collaboration: you can iterate on landing page layouts and creative concepts quickly, keeping performance work moving.
- Best for: Teams that iterate on landing pages, UI, and creative systems.
- How it helps conversions: Faster iteration helps you reach a high-performing page design sooner.
- Optimization angle: Maintain a “design system” for your funnels so each new page is consistent and faster to build.
SEO tools: keyword, backlink, and content insights that compound over time
SEO is a long-game channel, but it compounds in a way paid traffic does not: a page that ranks can keep producing clicks for months or years with iterative updates. SEO tools help you uncover demand (keywords), measure authority (backlinks), audit technical issues, and find content gaps you can exploit.
Ahrefs
Ahrefs is a well-known all-in-one SEO platform used for keyword research, backlink analysis, and competitor insights. For affiliates, it’s particularly valuable for building content strategies that target buyer intent while also strengthening site authority over time.
- Best for: Competitor research, backlink analysis, and content opportunity discovery.
- How it helps conversions: Better keyword targeting attracts visitors who are already looking for solutions, improving conversion potential.
- Optimization angle: Build clusters around high-intent terms and strengthen internal linking to “money pages.”
SEMrush
SEMrush is another major SEO suite that supports keyword research, competitive insight, and broader marketing workflows. For affiliates, it’s useful for turning SEO into a system: identify opportunities, produce content, track results, and refine based on rankings and traffic changes.
- Best for: Keyword research, site audits, and competitive analysis across SEO and paid visibility.
- How it helps conversions: Helps you find terms with commercial intent and build pages designed to convert.
- Optimization angle: Use audits to keep your site technically healthy, which supports both rankings and user experience.
SEO playbook for affiliates: from keyword to conversion
- Start with intent: Target keywords that signal evaluation or action (comparisons, best-of lists, alternatives).
- Build content that pre-sells: Explain use cases, benefits, and decision criteria clearly.
- Use comparison tables: They often improve time on page and drive more outbound clicks.
- Refresh winners: Update high-traffic pages regularly to maintain rankings and improve conversion rate.
Spy tools and market intelligence: reduce guesswork and accelerate testing
Competitive intelligence tools can shorten your learning curve by revealing what’s already working in the market: messaging angles, creative formats, placement strategies, and geo opportunities. Used responsibly, spy tools help you build smarter hypotheses so your first tests are closer to profitability.
SimilarWeb
SimilarWeb is widely used for market intelligence around websites and apps, including traffic sources and engagement trends. For affiliates, it can help validate whether a niche has enough demand and reveal where competitors appear to acquire traffic.
- Best for: Top-down niche research and traffic source discovery.
- How it helps conversions: Better niche selection and positioning leads to more qualified traffic.
- Optimization angle: Cross-check your channel mix against market patterns to spot underused opportunities.
AdPlexity
AdPlexity is an ad intelligence suite designed to research competitor ad campaigns across networks and geographies. For affiliates, the major advantage is speed to insight: you can study proven creative approaches and landing page patterns, then build your own tests faster.
- Best for: Media buyers who want fast intel on creatives, angles, and campaign patterns.
- How it helps conversions: Better starting hypotheses improve the odds your early tests find traction.
- Optimization angle: Look for recurring angles and formats, then create differentiated variations rather than copies.
Practical “spy tool” workflow that stays performance-focused
- Identify patterns, not one-offs: Repeated creatives and recurring angles often signal profitability.
- Use insights to build a test matrix: For example, 3 hooks × 2 layouts × 2 CTA styles.
- Differentiate your version: Unique framing and clearer UX can outperform even if the concept is similar.
- Validate with tracking: Competitive intel is a starting point; your tracker decides what’s real.
Forums and blogs: community learning that prevents expensive mistakes
Affiliate marketing changes fast. Networks evolve policies, traffic quality shifts, and landing page patterns fatigue. Forums and blogs provide the human layer: case studies, troubleshooting, honest performance discussions, and tactical playbooks.
Forums worth bookmarking
- STM Forum: A well-known community for affiliate marketers focused on case studies, tutorials, and peer feedback.
- AffiliateFix: A friendly forum where affiliates share strategies, ask questions, and learn from experienced marketers.
- affLIFT: A community built around guides, tutorials, and ongoing discussions that help affiliates stay current.
How forums and blogs improve ROI in real terms
- Faster debugging: Tracking issues, postback setup, and funnel leaks get solved in hours instead of days.
- Better testing discipline: Seeing how others structure tests encourages better methodology and cleaner results.
- Trend awareness: You can spot what’s rising (new formats, emerging geos, new angles) before it’s saturated.
- Operational confidence: Community validation helps you commit budget to tests with clearer expectations.
Putting it all together: a simple stack for launching and scaling
If you want a practical, benefit-driven way to assemble your toolkit, build it around the three pillars that drive affiliate profit:
- Traffic (ad networks and content distribution)
- Measurement (tracking and analytics)
- Conversion (landing pages, creative, speed, and SEO)
Example “launch stack” for paid traffic campaigns
- Traffic source: Start with an ad network like ExoClick, Zeropark, or TrafficStars based on your offer and geo.
- Tracker: Use Voluum, ThriveTracker, AdsBridge, or CPV Lab Pro to track every click and conversion.
- Landing page: Build pages quickly in Wix, Leadpages, or Pagewiz and run A/B tests from day one.
- Behavior analytics: Add Hotjar (or a similar behavior tool) to see where users hesitate or drop off.
- Creative: Produce multiple ad variants using Canva (fast) or Figma (collaborative and systematic).
- Speed: Add a CDN like StackPath or KeyCDN if you serve multiple regions or media-heavy pages.
Example “compounding stack” for content and SEO affiliates
- WordPress site: Choose a strong theme from ThemeForest or build with Elegant Themes for flexible page creation.
- Link management: Use Lasso to manage affiliate links and improve how offers are displayed.
- SEO research: Use Ahrefs or SEMrush for keyword and backlink strategy.
- Competitive insight: Validate niche demand with SimilarWeb and speed up ad-angle research with AdPlexity if you also run paid traffic.
- Distribution: Use Buffer, Hootsuite, or Later to amplify content consistently.
A/B testing checklist: what to test first for the biggest conversion lift
Because affiliate funnels have many moving parts, it’s easy to test the wrong thing. If you want fast wins, prioritize the elements most likely to affect user decisions.
- Headline and hero section: Align tightly with the ad promise and the audience’s intent.
- CTA copy and placement: Make the next step obvious; test above-the-fold vs. repeated CTAs.
- Offer-to-landing match: Ensure the landing page angle pre-sells the offer clearly.
- Trust elements: Testimonials, proof points, and clear disclaimers can increase confidence.
- Form friction: Fewer fields often improves completion, especially on mobile.
- Speed improvements: CDN, image compression, and lighter scripts can reduce abandonment.
Key takeaways: build your affiliate “engine,” not just a tool list
The best affiliate marketers don’t just collect tools—they build a system where every tool supports a measurable goal:
- Ad networks like ExoClick, Zeropark, and TrafficStars help you scale traffic with targeting and automation.
- Trackers like Voluum, ThriveTracker, AdsBridge, and CPV Lab Pro turn spend into clear attribution and faster optimization.
- Landing builders like Wix, Leadpages, and Pagewiz shorten your test cycle and lift conversion rates through better pages.
- Analytics and heatmaps like Hotjar help you find and fix conversion friction with real user behavior data.
- WordPress tools like ThemeForest, Elegant Themes, and Lasso support scalable, SEO-friendly monetization.
- CDNs like StackPath and KeyCDN improve speed, which supports both conversions and user experience across geos.
- SEO and spy tools like Ahrefs, SEMrush, SimilarWeb, and AdPlexity reduce guesswork by revealing demand, competition, and winning patterns.
- Forums (such as STM Forum, AffiliateFix, and affLIFT) keep your skills sharp and your troubleshooting fast.
When these resources work together, you get a compounding advantage: faster launches, clearer attribution, better pages, and optimization loops that keep improving ROI over time.
Next step: Pick one traffic source, one tracker, and one landing page builder from this roundup, then run a structured test with clear success criteria. Once you can measure results confidently, scaling becomes a process—not a gamble.
